GLP-1 Analogue in Preventing Progression of Small Vessel Disease (GAPP-SVD)

Change of Brain Peak Width of Skeletonized Mean Diffusivity

Time frame · Baseline and week 78

Peak Width of Skeletonized Mean Diffusivity is a robust, fully-automated and easy-to-implement marker for cerebral small vessel disease based on diffusion tensor imaging, white matter tract skeletonization and histogram analysis. It is a biomarker for brain MRI images.

Number of recurrent stroke

Time frame · Baseline and week 78

Record of any recurrent stroke from medical note/system

Change of Hong Kong MOntreal Cognitive Assessment

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

Hong Kong MOntreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) is a cognitive assessment tool. Score from 0 to 30 . The lower score reflect the worse the outcome.

Change The Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale 30

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

The Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale is used to detect depressive mood. Score 0 to 30. The higher the score, the worse the outcome

Change of Pittsburgh sleep quality index

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

Pittsburgh sleep quality index Chinese Version is a self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. The questionnaire contains frequency questions related to sleep quality, each question scale from 0 to 3. The higher the score, the worse the outcome. There is no total score available for this assessment

Change of Hong Kong List Learning Test

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

Hong Kong List Learning Test s a newly developed Chinese memory test designed for the assessment of the processes and organizational strategies involved in learning verbal information. The more negative the standard deviation the worse the outcome

Change of Neuropsychiatric Inventory

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

Neuropsychiatric Inventory is a brief interview with a family member or friend who knows the study subject . It is used to measure behavioral symptoms. It evaluates 12 behavioral areas commonly affected in patients with dementia. It evaluates the frequency (scale from 1 to 4), severity (scale from 1 to 3), distress to caretaker (scale from 1 to 5) of each behavioral symptom. The higher the score of any area means the worse outcome. There is no total score available for this assessment

Change of disability assessment for dementia

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

Disability assessment for dementia evaluates 11 basic daily activities of elderly people with dementia. It evaluates each activity in 3 stages: initiation, planning and organization, effective performance. Score 1 or 0 for each question. The higher the total score, the better the outcome. The total score is from 0 to 47.

Change of Gait

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

Gait velocity will be assessed using the 8-meter walking time. Time for walking 8-m will be measured by a stopwatch. The faster of two trials will be used in the analysis The faster of the walking time the better outcome.

Change of balance

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

Single leg stance time will be measured by asking individuals, with their hands on their hips, to balance as long as possible on one leg with an upper limit of 30 seconds. Two trials for each leg will be performed. The best time of the four trials will be used for analysis. The longer to time duration the better outcome.

Change of Pulsatility Index

Time frame · Baseline, week 12, week 26, week 52 and week 78

Pulsatility Index of Transcranial doppler ultrasound is a painless test that uses sound waves to detect medical problems that affect blood flow in your brain. It is a measure of vascular resistance of cerebral vessels. The higher the index means higher resistance and stiffness of blood vessels which lead to worse outcome. There is no minimum or maximum values available for this index.