Peptide database

Abaloparatide is a PTHrP(1-34) analog that agonizes the PTH1 receptor with preference for its transient RG conformation, activating cAMP signaling to stimulate osteoblast-driven new bone formation.

Class

Anabolic osteoporosis agent (PTHrP analog)

Dose ref

FDA label reference dose: 80 mcg subcutaneously once daily (a labeled dose, not a recommendation)

Half-life

Approximately 1-1.7 hours (FDA label)

Targets

PTH1 receptor (PTH1R)

A soluble ActRIIB-Fc decoy receptor that sequesters myostatin and activin before they reach activin type II receptors, releasing the natural brake on skeletal muscle growth.

Class

Soluble ActRIIB-Fc fusion protein (myostatin/activin ligand trap)

Dose ref

Investigational only; trials used 0.02-3 mg/kg subcutaneously

Half-life

~10-15 days

Targets

Myostatin, Activin

Adipotide is a chimeric peptidomimetic whose CKGGRAKDC homing motif binds prohibitin on white-fat blood-vessel endothelium, where its fused D(KLAKLAK)2 segment disrupts mitochondrial membranes to trigger endothelial apoptosis and regression of the fat tissue's blood supply.

Class

Pro-apoptotic peptidomimetic (vascular-targeting antiobesity agent)

Dose ref

Preclinical/Phase 1 reference only, NOT a recommendation: ~0.43 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for 28 days in obese monkeys; first-in-human Phase 1 started near 0.03 mg/kg/day SC. No approved human dose.

Half-life

Not well characterized in humans; dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection in animal and Phase 1 studies

Targets

Prohibitin (white adipose tissue endothelium), Annexin A2-prohibitin receptor complex, Mitochondrial membrane (via D(KLAKLAK)2 motif)

Albiglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist made by fusing two DPP-4-resistant copies of modified human GLP-1 to recombinant human albumin, activating the GLP-1 receptor to boost glucose-dependent insulin secretion and suppress glucagon.

Class

GLP-1 receptor agonist (albumin-fusion)

Dose ref

Per the discontinued Tanzeum label: 30 mg once weekly subcutaneously, increasable to 50 mg once weekly (historical reference, not a recommendation)

Half-life

Approximately 5 days (reported terminal estimates ~5-8 days)

Targets

GLP-1 receptor

Amylin, co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta-cells, activates brainstem amylin receptors (calcitonin receptor paired with RAMPs) to promote satiation, slow gastric emptying, and suppress postprandial glucagon.

Class

Amylin receptor agonist (calcitonin peptide family hormone)

Dose ref

No established dose for native amylin; it is an endogenous hormone, not a marketed consumer drug. Reference range applies only to the approved analog pramlintide (Symlin), dosed 15-120 mcg subcutaneously before meals per the FDA label (informational, not a recommendation).

Half-life

Native human amylin: approximately 13 minutes (short, rapidly degraded by insulin-degrading enzyme and renal clearance)

Targets

Amylin receptor AMY1 (CTR+RAMP1), Amylin receptor AMY2 (CTR+RAMP2), Amylin receptor AMY3 (CTR+RAMP3), Calcitonin receptor, Area postrema (brainstem)

Argireline's sequence mimics the N-terminal of SNAP-25 and is proposed to compete during SNARE-complex assembly, destabilizing the complex and reducing acetylcholine release to slightly blunt the muscle contractions that form expression lines.

Class

Topical cosmetic peptide (SNAP-25/SNARE-mimicking hexapeptide)

Dose ref

Cosmetic formulations commonly use roughly 5-10% topically (original studies used a 10% oil-in-water emulsion); this reflects formulation levels and is explicitly not a dosing recommendation.

Half-life

No established human pharmacokinetic half-life; applied topically with negligible systemic absorption.

Targets

SNAP-25, SNARE complex, Acetylcholine release

Atosiban competitively antagonizes the myometrial oxytocin receptor (with affinity also for vasopressin V1a receptors), reducing the intracellular calcium rise and prostaglandin production that drive uterine contractions.

Class

Oxytocin receptor antagonist (tocolytic)

Dose ref

Label reference (not a recommendation): 6.75 mg IV bolus over ~1 min, then 300 mcg/min infusion for 3 hours, then 100 mcg/min for up to 45 hours; max duration 48 hours

Half-life

Biexponential after IV infusion: initial ~0.2 hours, terminal ~1.7 hours

Targets

Oxytocin receptor, Vasopressin V1a receptor

Bivalirudin is a bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor that reversibly binds both the catalytic active site and the anion-binding exosite of circulating and clot-bound thrombin to block fibrin formation.

Class

Direct thrombin inhibitor (parenteral anticoagulant; hirudin-derived peptide)

Dose ref

Per the Angiomax FDA label (not a recommendation): IV bolus 0.75 mg/kg followed by 1.75 mg/kg/h infusion for the duration of PCI, with a 0.3 mg/kg supplemental bolus if needed and infusion reduced in renal impairment/dialysis.

Half-life

About 25 minutes with normal renal function; roughly 34-57 minutes in renal impairment and about 3.5 hours in dialysis-dependent patients (Angiomax label).

Targets

Thrombin (active catalytic site), Thrombin anion-binding exosite (exosite 1)

Derived from human gastric juice. Animal models suggest effects on angiogenesis, tendon healing and GI repair; human clinical data is very limited.

Class

Synthetic gastric peptide

Dose ref

No human dosing established

Half-life

Not well characterized in humans

Targets

Multiple pathways (preclinical)

Buserelin is a GnRH receptor superagonist that initially stimulates and then, with continuous non-pulsatile exposure, desensitizes pituitary gonadotrophs to suppress LH, FSH and downstream testosterone or estradiol production.

Class

GnRH agonist (LHRH analogue)

Dose ref

Label/trial reference figures, not recommendations: advanced prostate cancer 500 mcg SC every 8 hours for 7 days, then 200 mcg SC daily or 400 mcg intranasally three times daily; endometriosis 400 mcg intranasally three times daily for up to ~6 months.

Half-life

Short elimination half-life, reported around 72-80 minutes (about 1-2 hours) regardless of route.

Targets

GnRH/LHRH receptor, Pituitary gonadotrophs, LH, FSH

Long-acting amylin analog that slows gastric emptying and reinforces satiety; studied in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema).

Class

Amylin analog

Dose ref

Trial doses up to 4.5 mg weekly

Half-life

~7 days

Targets

Amylin / CTR

Calcitonin activates the calcitonin receptor on osteoclasts to inhibit bone resorption and lower blood calcium, with additional actions on the kidney and gastrointestinal tract.

Class

Calcitonin-receptor agonist (peptide hormone analog)

Dose ref

Reference label ranges (not recommendations): 100 USP Units/day SC or IM for postmenopausal osteoporosis and symptomatic Paget disease; 4 to 8 USP Units/kg every 6 to 12 hours for hypercalcemia; 200 USP Units/day intranasally for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Half-life

Approximately 1 hour (subcutaneous salmon calcitonin)

Targets

Calcitonin receptor, Osteoclasts

Carbetocin is a long-acting synthetic oxytocin analog that acts as an agonist at peripheral oxytocin receptors in the uterine myometrium, producing sustained contractions that reduce postpartum bleeding.

Class

Long-acting oxytocin analog (uterotonic)

Dose ref

Label/trial reference: single 100 microgram dose (IV over ~1 min after cesarean per Duratocin label; IM after vaginal birth in the CHAMPION trial) - not a recommendation

Half-life

Approximately 85-100 minutes (vs ~3.5 minutes for oxytocin)

Targets

Oxytocin receptor (myometrium)

Cetrorelix competitively blocks pituitary GnRH receptors, immediately and reversibly suppressing LH and FSH release to prevent a premature LH surge without the initial flare seen with GnRH agonists.

Class

GnRH antagonist (synthetic decapeptide)

Dose ref

Reference label regimens (not recommendations): 0.25 mg subcutaneously every 24 hours during the late follicular phase, or a single 3 mg subcutaneous dose providing at least 4 days of action.

Half-life

Median ~5 hours after a single 0.25 mg dose and ~62.8 hours after a single 3 mg dose (Cetrotide label)

Targets

GnRH receptor, Pituitary gonadotrophs, Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Long-acting growth-hormone-releasing hormone analog. The DAC variant binds serum albumin to extend half-life and sustain GH/IGF-1 elevation.

Class

GHRH analog (with or without DAC)

Dose ref

1–2 mg weekly (DAC, research)

Half-life

~6–8 days (DAC)

Targets

GHRH receptor

Colivelin simultaneously activates an ADNF-mediated CaMKIV pathway and a Humanin-mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway to suppress neuronal death in cell and rodent models.

Class

Synthetic neuroprotective hybrid peptide (ADNF + Humanin derivative)

Dose ref

No established human dose; preclinical rodent studies used roughly 10 pmol to 1 nmol given intracerebroventricularly, plus intraperitoneal and intranasal experiments (research figures only, not recommendations).

Half-life

Not established in humans; expected to be short as an unmodified peptide.

Targets

Humanin receptor / JAK2-STAT3 pro-survival pathway, ADNF / Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) pathway

Cortexin is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide fraction from animal cerebral cortex proposed to act as a multi-target neuroprotectant by modulating glutamate (AMPA, kainate, mGluR) and GABA-A receptors, inhibiting brain caspase-8, and influencing neurotrophic and antioxidant pathways.

Class

Animal-derived polypeptide neuroprotective bioregulator (brain peptide hydrolysate)

Dose ref

Reference only (not a recommendation): Russian clinical use describes intramuscular injection of the reconstituted lyophilizate as a short daily course (commonly ~10 days) with separate adult and pediatric strengths; preclinical models used ~0.5 mg/kg IM.

Half-life

Not established; as a multi-component peptide hydrolysate it has no well-characterized human elimination half-life

Targets

AMPA receptor, kainate receptor, mGluR1, mGluR5, GABA-A receptor, caspase-8

Davunetide binds microtubule end-binding proteins to promote microtubule stability and the tau-microtubule interaction, reducing tau hyperphosphorylation in preclinical models.

Class

ADNP-derived microtubule-stabilizing neuroprotective peptide

Dose ref

Investigational; no approved dose. Trial regimens (not recommendations) used intranasal NAP roughly 5-15 mg in MCI studies and 30 mg twice daily in the phase 2/3 PSP trial.

Half-life

Short; preclinical estimates of roughly 15 minutes in brain after intranasal dosing. Human pharmacokinetics were not characterized in the pivotal PSP trial.

Targets

Microtubules, Tubulin, Microtubule end-binding proteins EB1/EB3, Tau protein

Degarelix competitively and reversibly blocks pituitary GnRH receptors, immediately reducing LH and FSH release and thereby suppressing testosterone without the initial flare seen with GnRH agonists.

Class

GnRH receptor antagonist (synthetic decapeptide)

Dose ref

Label reference (not a recommendation): 240 mg subcutaneous starting dose (two 120 mg injections), then 80 mg subcutaneous maintenance every 28 days

Half-life

~43 days terminal half-life after the 240 mg starting depot; ~28-29 days for the 80 mg maintenance dose (depot-driven)

Targets

Pituitary GnRH receptor, Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Testosterone

Desmopressin selectively stimulates renal V2 vasopressin receptors to increase water reabsorption (antidiuresis) while also triggering release of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor from vascular endothelium.

Class

Synthetic vasopressin (V2 receptor) analog; antidiuretic and hemostatic peptide

Dose ref

Reference ranges from labels (not recommendations): central diabetes insipidus intranasal 10-40 mcg/day or oral 0.1-1.2 mg/day divided; primary nocturnal enuresis oral 0.2-0.6 mg at bedtime; nocturia (sublingual) 27.7 mcg women / 55.3 mcg men at bedtime; bleeding disorders IV 0.3 mcg/kg over 15-30 minutes.

Half-life

Roughly 1.5-3.5 hours depending on route (terminal half-life about 2.8 hours after IV dosing; ~3.3-3.5 hours intranasal)

Targets

Vasopressin V2 receptor

Dulaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying and reduces appetite.

Class

GLP-1 receptor agonist (Fc-fusion peptide)

Dose ref

FDA label (not a recommendation): 0.75 mg, 1.5 mg, 3 mg or 4.5 mg subcutaneously once weekly

Half-life

Approximately 5 days

Targets

GLP-1 receptor

An exendin-4-based GLP-1 receptor agonist conjugated to an antibody Fc fragment that slows clearance and activates the GLP-1 receptor to boost glucose-dependent insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying and reduce appetite.

Class

GLP-1 receptor agonist (exendin-4-based)

Dose ref

Studied in trials at 4 mg or 6 mg once weekly subcutaneously (also 2 mg in dose-ranging); reference ranges from research only, not a recommendation or approved dose.

Half-life

Approximately 5.6 to 7.5 days (single-ascending-dose pharmacokinetic studies)

Targets

GLP-1 receptor

Enfuvirtide binds the HR1 region of the HIV-1 gp41 envelope subunit and blocks the six-helix bundle conformational change required for fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.

Class

HIV-1 gp41 fusion inhibitor (antiretroviral)

Dose ref

Per FDA label (reference only, not a recommendation): adults 90 mg subcutaneously twice daily; pediatric patients 2 mg/kg twice daily up to a 90 mg maximum.

Half-life

Approximately 3.8 hours (mean 3.8 ± 0.6 h after a single 90 mg subcutaneous dose, per FDA label)

Targets

HIV-1 gp41 HR1 (N-terminal heptad repeat), viral envelope glycoprotein gp41

Eptifibatide reversibly blocks the platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor, preventing fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor from cross-linking platelets and thereby inhibiting the final common pathway of platelet aggregation.

Class

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor (antiplatelet)

Dose ref

Reference (label/trials, not a recommendation): ACS 180 mcg/kg IV bolus then 2 mcg/kg/min infusion up to 72-96h; PCI 180 mcg/kg bolus, 2 mcg/kg/min infusion, plus a second 180 mcg/kg bolus 10 min later; reduced infusion in renal impairment.

Half-life

Approximately 2.5 hours (plasma elimination); platelet function recovers about 4-8 hours after stopping the infusion.

Targets

Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (integrin alpha-IIb beta-3)

Exenatide activates the GLP-1 receptor to increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppress inappropriate glucagon release, and slow gastric emptying.

Class

GLP-1 receptor agonist (incretin mimetic)

Dose ref

Reference label doses (not recommendations): Byetta 5-10 mcg subcutaneously twice daily before meals; Bydureon BCise 2 mg subcutaneously once weekly

Half-life

Approximately 2.4 hours for immediate-release Byetta; extended-release (Bydureon BCise) microspheres release over weeks and exenatide can persist about 10 weeks after the last dose

Targets

GLP-1 receptor

Ganirelix competitively blocks GnRH receptors on pituitary gonadotrophs, producing rapid, reversible suppression of LH and FSH secretion without an initial stimulatory flare.

Class

GnRH antagonist (synthetic decapeptide)

Dose ref

Label dose of 0.25 mg subcutaneously once daily during the mid-to-late follicular phase until ovulation is triggered (a label figure, not a recommendation)

Half-life

About 12.8 hours after a single 0.25 mg dose; roughly 16.2 hours at steady state with daily dosing (label)

Targets

GnRH receptor, Pituitary gonadotroph, Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Naturally occurring tripeptide bound to copper. Studied for wound healing, skin remodeling and gene-expression effects related to tissue repair.

Class

Copper peptide complex

Dose ref

Topical cosmetic ranges; no systemic dosing established

Half-life

Hours

Targets

Copper transport / fibroblast signaling

GHRP-2 is a synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin mimetic that activates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) at the hypothalamus and pituitary, amplifying GHRH and reducing somatostatin tone to drive a transient growth hormone pulse.

Class

Growth hormone secretagogue / ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist (synthetic hexapeptide)

Dose ref

Diagnostic use only (not a therapeutic recommendation): single 100 microgram IV bolus in adults, or ~2 micrograms/kg IV in children, for GH-deficiency provocative testing

Half-life

Short; GH response peaks ~15-60 min after IV dosing and clears within a few hours (precise human half-life not consistently reported)

Targets

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), Ghrelin receptor, Anterior pituitary somatotrophs, Hypothalamic GHRH/somatostatin neurons

Glucagon binds the hepatic glucagon receptor (GCGR), raising cyclic AMP to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, which increases blood glucose as the body's main counter-regulatory hormone opposing insulin.

Class

Glucagon receptor (GCGR) agonist; counter-regulatory pancreatic hormone

Dose ref

Reference (label, not a recommendation): 1 mg SC/IM/IV injectable for severe hypoglycemia in adults; Gvoke 0.5 mg pediatric / 1 mg adult SC; Baqsimi 3 mg single intranasal dose; 0.25-2 mg IV/IM as a GI diagnostic aid

Half-life

Short; roughly 8-18 minutes for native glucagon (pharmacokinetic studies)

Targets

Glucagon receptor (GCGR)

Goserelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist that first stimulates and then, with continuous depot exposure, downregulates pituitary GnRH receptors to suppress LH, FSH and downstream sex steroids toward castrate or postmenopausal levels.

Class

GnRH (LHRH) agonist decapeptide

Dose ref

Label reference (not a recommendation): 3.6 mg subcutaneous depot every 28 days, or 10.8 mg subcutaneous depot every 12 weeks for prostate cancer.

Half-life

Serum elimination half-life of the drug is about 4 hours with normal renal function (up to ~12 hours with severe renal impairment); the depot provides sustained release over 4 to 12 weeks

Targets

GnRH receptor, pituitary gonadotrophs, LH, FSH, testosterone, estradiol

A synthetic C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone claimed to stimulate adipocyte lipolysis without binding the GH receptor or raising IGF-1, though human fat-loss evidence is weak.

Class

Growth hormone C-terminal lipolytic fragment

Dose ref

No established human dose; research-only

Half-life

Very short (minutes); poorly characterized

Targets

Adipocyte lipid metabolism

Histrelin is a GnRH receptor agonist that initially stimulates and then, through continuous implant delivery, downregulates pituitary GnRH receptors to suppress LH, FSH and sex steroid production.

Class

GnRH agonist (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist)

Dose ref

Reference (not a recommendation): one 50 mg subcutaneous implant per 12 months, delivering roughly 50-65 mcg histrelin per day per FDA labels.

Half-life

Continuous release for ~12 months from the implant; terminal half-life of the peptide is ~3.9 hours (clearance ~179 mL/min) after the implant is removed.

Targets

GnRH receptor, Pituitary gonadotrophs, LH/FSH secretion

Humanin is a 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide that limits stress-induced apoptosis by binding pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX, Bid/Bim) and IGFBP-3 intracellularly and by signaling extracellularly through FPR2/FPRL1 and the CNTFR/WSX-1/gp130 complex to activate JAK2/STAT3, ERK1/2 and AKT survival pathways.

Class

Mitochondrial-derived peptide (cytoprotective/anti-apoptotic signaling peptide)

Dose ref

Research-only; no validated or approved human dose. Preclinical studies typically use the potent analog HNG (S14G-humanin) in animal models (e.g., microgram-to-milligram-per-kg, intermittent injection) - these are experimental figures, not human dosing recommendations.

Half-life

Not formally characterized in humans; native humanin is reported to clear rapidly, and engineered analogs such as HNG were developed for greater stability and potency.

Targets

FPR2/FPRL1, FPRL2, CNTFR/WSX-1/gp130 receptor complex, BAX, IGFBP-3

Removal of the N-terminal tripeptide sharply lowers IGF-binding-protein affinity while preserving IGF-1 receptor binding, leaving more free peptide to activate IGF-1R.

Class

Truncated IGF-1 analog

Dose ref

No established human dose; research-only

Half-life

Very short; minutes in animal studies

Targets

IGF-1R

A modified IGF-1 that binds IGF binding proteins far more weakly than native IGF-1, leaving it free to act as a potent, long-acting agonist at the IGF-1 receptor.

Class

IGF-1 analog / IGF-1 receptor agonist (research reagent)

Dose ref

No validated human dose; research reagent only

Half-life

~20-30 hours (reported, non-clinical estimate)

Targets

IGF-1R

Selectively stimulates pituitary growth hormone release without significant cortisol or prolactin elevation seen with older GHRPs.

Class

Selective GH secretagogue (GHRP)

Dose ref

100–300 mcg per injection (research)

Half-life

~2 hours

Targets

GHSR / ghrelin receptor

Lanreotide binds with high affinity to somatostatin receptors 2 and 5, mimicking native somatostatin to suppress growth hormone, IGF-1 and various neuroendocrine and gut hormones.

Class

Long-acting somatostatin analog (cyclic octapeptide)

Dose ref

Per FDA label (not a recommendation): acromegaly 60-120 mg deep subcutaneously every 4 weeks (typically starting at 90 mg); GEP-NET and carcinoid syndrome 120 mg every 4 weeks.

Half-life

Depot-dominated: apparent terminal elimination of about 23-30 days due to slow release from the subcutaneous gel depot

Targets

SSTR2, SSTR5

An oral, gut-restricted peptide that antagonizes zonulin signaling to limit gluten-driven intestinal tight-junction permeability in celiac disease.

Class

Tight-junction regulator / zonulin antagonist

Dose ref

Investigational; 0.5 mg orally three times daily in trials

Half-life

Minimal systemic absorption (gut-restricted)

Targets

Zonulin / tight junctions

Daily GLP-1 analog. Reduces appetite and improves glycemic control via the same incretin pathway as semaglutide.

Class

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Dose ref

0.6–3.0 mg once daily

Half-life

~13 hours

Targets

GLP-1R

Lixisenatide is an exendin-4-derived GLP-1 receptor agonist that slows gastric emptying and lowers postprandial glucose while stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release and suppressing glucagon.

Class

Short-acting (prandial) GLP-1 receptor agonist; exendin-4-derived peptide

Dose ref

Reference (Adlyxin label, not a recommendation): 10 mcg once daily subcutaneously for 14 days, then 20 mcg once daily maintenance, injected within one hour before the first meal.

Half-life

Approximately 3 hours (reported range ~2.7-4.3 hours)

Targets

GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)

A palmitoylated matrikine derived from the type I procollagen C-terminal propeptide that signals dermal fibroblasts to increase extracellular matrix synthesis, including type I and III collagen and fibronectin.

Class

Cosmetic matrikine peptide (collagen-stimulating)

Dose ref

No medical dose; pivotal cosmetic trials used pal-KTTKS at ~3 ppm (about 0.0003%) topically twice daily - a study condition, not a recommendation.

Half-life

Not characterized; a topical cosmetic ingredient with no established systemic pharmacokinetic half-life.

Targets

Dermal fibroblasts, Type I collagen, Type III collagen, Fibronectin, Extracellular matrix

Melittin inserts into lipid bilayers and folds into an amphipathic alpha-helix that forms transmembrane toroidal pores, disrupting the membrane and lysing cells without binding a specific receptor.

Class

Cytolytic antimicrobial (membrane-active) peptide

Dose ref

No validated human dose; in vitro antibacterial MIC values reported around 8-32 ug/mL (laboratory measurements, explicitly not dosing recommendations)

Half-life

Not established in humans; reviews report rapid plasma degradation and poor pharmacokinetics

Targets

Phospholipid bilayer membranes, Microbial cell membranes, Cancer cell membranes

MGF is the IGF-1Ec splice variant whose distinct C-terminal E-domain peptide, induced by mechanical loading or damage, is proposed to activate satellite cells ahead of mature IGF-1 signaling.

Class

IGF-1 splice variant / E-domain peptide

Dose ref

No established or approved human dose; research-only

Half-life

Very short; minutes for the native E-peptide

Targets

Satellite (muscle stem) cells, Myoblasts

N-Acetyl Selank is a chemically stabilized (N-acetylated, C-amidated) analog of the tuftsin-derived peptide Selank, proposed to act via GABAergic modulation, inhibition of enkephalin-degrading enzymes that raises endogenous enkephalins, and BDNF-related effects, though these mechanisms were demonstrated for the parent Selank rather than the analog.

Class

Synthetic tuftsin-derived heptapeptide analog (anxiolytic neuropeptide)

Dose ref

No established human dose; research-only. Parent Selank was used intranasally in rodent studies at roughly 250-500 micrograms/kg, and Russian Selank nasal-drop clinical use is product-specific - neither is a validated guide for the acetylated analog and neither is a recommendation.

Half-life

Not validated for the analog. Parent Selank has a very short plasma half-life (on the order of minutes); N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation are intended to slow enzymatic degradation, but no peer-reviewed human pharmacokinetic data exist for N-Acetyl Selank.

Targets

GABAergic system, Enkephalin-degrading enzymes (enkephalinase), BDNF expression, Serotonergic/monoaminergic systems

It is a chemically stabilized analog of the ACTH(4-7)-derived peptide Semax that, in preclinical models, binds specifically in brain tissue and raises BDNF and other neurotrophins while modulating ischemia-related inflammatory and neurotransmitter gene expression.

Class

Synthetic ACTH(4-7)-derived melanocortin neuropeptide (acetylated/amidated Semax analog)

Dose ref

No established human dose for the N-acetylated/amidated analog; parent Semax was used intranasally at roughly 6,000-18,000 mcg/day in Russian stroke trials (research figures from trials, not recommendations)

Half-life

Not established for the analog; parent Semax plasma half-life is only minutes due to rapid aminopeptidase degradation, and vendor-claimed multi-hour half-lives lack peer-reviewed human PK data

Targets

BDNF/TrkB neurotrophin signaling, NGF/TrkA and NT-3/TrkC pathways, melanocortin (ACTH/MSH) system, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission

Nafarelin is a potent GnRH receptor agonist that initially stimulates pituitary LH and FSH release but with continued dosing downregulates the receptor, suppressing gonadotropins and sex steroid production.

Class

GnRH agonist (gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog)

Dose ref

Per the FDA label (reference only, not a recommendation): endometriosis 400 mcg/day (one 200 mcg spray per nostril twice daily), increasable to 800 mcg/day; central precocious puberty 1600 mcg/day, increasable to 1800 mcg/day.

Half-life

Approximately 3 hours in adults (about 2.5 hours in children) after intranasal administration

Targets

GnRH receptor (pituitary gonadotrophs), LH, FSH, estradiol, testosterone

Nesiritide binds the particulate guanylate cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, raising intracellular cGMP to produce vasodilation and reduced cardiac filling pressures.

Class

Recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (vasodilator)

Dose ref

Label reference only (discontinued; NOT a recommendation): 2 mcg/kg IV bolus followed by a 0.01 mcg/kg/min continuous infusion

Half-life

~18 minutes (terminal elimination; hemodynamic effects can persist several hours)

Targets

Natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A), Particulate (membrane-bound) guanylate cyclase

P21 is a CNTF-derived peptide that increases BDNF expression, competitively inhibits leukemia inhibitory factor signaling, raises phosphorylated CREB and lowers GSK-3 beta activity to promote dentate gyrus neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in animal models.

Class

CNTF-derived neurotrophic peptide mimetic

Dose ref

No established human dose; preclinical rodent studies used roughly 60 nmol/g of feed orally (about 162 nmol/mouse/day) - not a human recommendation.

Half-life

Not established in humans; preclinical reports describe plasma stability exceeding 3 hours and high gastric/intestinal stability.

Targets

CNTF signaling pathway, Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), BDNF/TrkB, CREB, GSK-3 beta

Pasireotide is a multi-receptor somatostatin analog that binds somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2, 3 and 5 with high affinity for subtype 5, suppressing ACTH secretion in Cushing's disease and growth hormone and IGF-1 in acromegaly.

Class

Multi-receptor somatostatin analog (somatostatin receptor agonist)

Dose ref

Reference ranges (per labels, not recommendations): Signifor SC 0.3-0.9 mg twice daily for Cushing's disease; Signifor LAR 40 mg up to 60 mg intramuscular every 4 weeks for acromegaly

Half-life

Approximately 12-hour effective half-life for subcutaneous Signifor; Signifor LAR is a long-acting intramuscular depot

Targets

SSTR5, SSTR2, SSTR1, SSTR3

Pinealon is proposed to penetrate cells and the blood-brain barrier and bind directly to DNA promoter regions and histone proteins, shifting expression of antioxidant and neuroprotective genes rather than acting through a classical membrane receptor.

Class

Synthetic short-peptide bioregulator (tripeptide)

Dose ref

No FDA-approved or validated human dose; research-only. Russian oral cytogen capsules and published study protocols describe past use, not dosing recommendations.

Half-life

Not formally characterized in humans; as an ultrashort peptide it is expected to clear from plasma rapidly (minutes).

Targets

DNA promoter regions / chromatin, Histone proteins, SOD2 (antioxidant gene), GPX1 (antioxidant gene), Neuronal apoptosis (caspase-3) pathways

Plecanatide is a uroguanylin analog that activates guanylate cyclase-C on the luminal surface of the intestine, raising cyclic GMP and driving chloride and bicarbonate secretion through CFTR to increase intestinal fluid and transit.

Class

Guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist

Dose ref

Reference (label, not a recommendation): one 3 mg tablet orally once daily; phase 3 trials studied 3 mg and 6 mg

Half-life

Not calculable; minimally absorbed with negligible systemic availability, plasma levels below limit of quantitation

Targets

Guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C), CFTR chloride channel, Intestinal epithelium

Activates GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors simultaneously to suppress appetite and raise energy expenditure.

Class

Triple agonist (GLP-1 / GIP / glucagon)

Dose ref

1–12 mg once weekly (trial)

Half-life

~6 days

Targets

GLP-1R, GIPR, GCGR

Secretin binds the secretin receptor on pancreatic duct cells, raising cAMP and opening CFTR channels to drive secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid that is measured during diagnostic testing.

Class

Gastrointestinal peptide hormone (diagnostic agent); secretin-receptor agonist

Dose ref

FDA label reference doses (diagnostic, not recommendations): 0.2 mcg/kg IV over 1 minute for pancreatic exocrine function testing or ERCP; 0.4 mcg/kg IV over 1 minute for gastrinoma testing.

Half-life

About 45 minutes per the ChiRhoStim label (synthetic human secretin); native secretin plasma half-life measured at roughly 4 minutes by radioimmunoassay.

Targets

Secretin receptor (SCTR), Pancreatic duct cells, CFTR channel, Gastrin secretion (G cells)

Russian-developed analog of tuftsin marketed (in Russia) as an anxiolytic. Mechanism involves modulation of GABA and stress-response pathways.

Class

Synthetic tuftsin analog

Dose ref

150–500 mcg per dose (intranasal, research)

Half-life

Minutes

Targets

GABAergic / serotonergic systems

Mimics the incretin GLP-1, slowing gastric emptying and reducing appetite while improving insulin secretion.

Class

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Dose ref

0.25–2.4 mg once weekly (SC); 3–14 mg daily (oral)

Half-life

~7 days

Targets

GLP-1R

Heptapeptide derived from ACTH(4-10). Russian neuropeptide studied for nootropic and neuroprotective effects, partly via BDNF upregulation.

Class

Synthetic ACTH analog

Dose ref

200–600 mcg per dose (intranasal, research)

Half-life

Minutes

Targets

Melanocortin / BDNF pathways

Sincalide is the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin that activates CCK receptors to stimulate gallbladder contraction, sphincter of Oddi relaxation and pancreatic secretion.

Class

Cholecystopancreatic-gastrointestinal hormone analog (diagnostic agent)

Dose ref

Reference diagnostic doses (not a recommendation): 0.02 mcg/kg IV over 30-60 seconds, or a 0.12 mcg/kg infusion over ~50-60 minutes; per the Kinevac label.

Half-life

Very short; serum half-life roughly 2.5 minutes per the label (volunteer studies near 1.3 minutes)

Targets

Cholecystokinin receptor (CCK-A / CCK1), Cholecystokinin receptor (CCK-B / gastrin)

SNAP-8 mimics the N-terminal of SNAP-25 and competes for its place in the SNARE complex, reducing the efficiency of neurotransmitter vesicle fusion and thereby modestly and reversibly lowering the muscle contraction that drives expression lines.

Class

Topical cosmetic neuromodulating peptide (SNAP-25 mimic)

Dose ref

Topical cosmetic use only; formulations commonly deliver roughly 3-10% of the supplier peptide blend (formulation reference levels, not clinical dosing recommendations).

Half-life

Not established for human use; a topical cosmetic ingredient with no defined systemic pharmacokinetic half-life.

Targets

SNAP-25, SNARE complex, neuromuscular junction acetylcholine release

Co-activates GLP-1 and glucagon receptors; in Phase 2 produced substantial weight reduction and improvement in MASH endpoints.

Class

Dual agonist (GLP-1 / glucagon)

Dose ref

0.6–4.8 mg once weekly (trial)

Half-life

~7 days

Targets

GLP-1R, GCGR

Synthetic fragment of thymosin β4 studied in animal models for cell migration, angiogenesis and tissue repair. No approved human indication.

Class

Thymosin β4 derivative

Dose ref

No human dosing established

Half-life

Not well characterized

Targets

G-actin

Once-daily injection produces intermittent activation of the PTH1 receptor on osteoblasts, preferentially stimulating bone formation over resorption to increase bone mass.

Class

Parathyroid hormone analog; anabolic (bone-forming) osteoporosis agent

Dose ref

20 mcg subcutaneously once daily (labeled dose for Forteo and Bonsity; reference figure, not a recommendation)

Half-life

Approximately 1 hour after subcutaneous injection (a few minutes after IV); Forteo label

Targets

PTH1 receptor (PTH/PTHrP receptor), osteoblasts

Terlipressin is a vasopressin V1 receptor agonist and prodrug for lysine-vasopressin that causes splanchnic vasoconstriction, lowering portal pressure and raising effective arterial volume and mean arterial pressure to improve renal perfusion.

Class

Synthetic vasopressin analog (V1 receptor agonist), prodrug of lysine-vasopressin

Dose ref

Reference label range (not a recommendation): Terlivaz 0.85 mg IV bolus every 6 hours (equal to 1 mg terlipressin acetate) for days 1-3, adjustable up to 1.7 mg every 6 hours, maximum 14 days

Half-life

Terlipressin terminal half-life about 0.9 hours; active metabolite lysine-vasopressin about 3.0 hours

Targets

Vasopressin V1A receptor, Vasopressin V1B/V3 receptor, Vasopressin V2 receptor (lower affinity)

Stabilized GHRH analog. Approved for reduction of excess visceral abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Class

GHRH analog

Dose ref

2 mg once daily

Half-life

~26 minutes

Targets

GHRH receptor

Thymalin is a calf-thymus polypeptide complex proposed to act as an immunomodulator that promotes T-lymphocyte differentiation and maturation and normalizes cytokine and immune-cell balance, though its precise molecular receptor or target remains undefined.

Class

Thymic peptide bioregulator (immunomodulator / polypeptide extract)

Dose ref

Reference only, not a recommendation: Russian trials/labeling describe roughly 5-20 mg intramuscularly daily for short 5-10 day courses; the 2021 COVID-19 trial used 10 mg IM daily for 10 days.

Half-life

Not well characterized; short peptide complex with a presumed short plasma half-life (dosing relies on repeated daily courses).

Targets

T-lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, thymic and immune homeostasis, cytokine regulation (IL-2, interferon), hematopoietic stem cell differentiation

Thymogen is a synthetic L-glutamyl-L-tryptophan dipeptide that acts as a thymic-peptide immunomodulator, promoting T-lymphocyte differentiation and peptide-MHC recognition, shifting IL-2 and interferon cytokine output, and enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis.

Class

Synthetic thymic-peptide immunomodulator (peptide bioregulator)

Dose ref

Russian product leaflet only (not a recommendation, not FDA-reviewed): ~100 mcg intramuscular once daily, roughly 300-1000 mcg per treatment course; intranasal spray ~25 mcg per metered dose. No validated dosing exists outside Russia.

Half-life

Not well characterized; as a small dipeptide it is expected to be rapidly hydrolyzed by serum and tissue peptidases (order of minutes). No reliable published human PK.

Targets

T-lymphocytes (differentiation, peptide-MHC recognition), Neutrophils (chemotaxis, phagocytosis), IL-2 and interferon cytokine signaling, Thymic / adaptive immune regulation

Thymosin beta-4 sequesters monomeric G-actin to regulate the actin cytoskeleton, enabling cell migration, angiogenesis and tissue repair, with an anti-fibrotic Ac-SDKP fragment.

Class

Endogenous actin-sequestering peptide (beta-thymosin family)

Dose ref

No established therapeutic dose; phase 1 IV studies used 42-1260 mg

Half-life

Short, dose-dependent ~1-2 hours (IV)

Targets

G-actin

Thymulin is a thymic nonapeptide that becomes biologically active only when bound to zinc, after which it promotes T-cell differentiation, modulates cytokines, and participates in two-way neuroendocrine signaling.

Class

Zinc-dependent thymic peptide hormone (immunomodulatory nonapeptide)

Dose ref

No established human dose; reference figures derive only from animal and gene-therapy models, not approved human labels (research-only, NOT a recommendation).

Half-life

Not established in humans; the native peptide is cleared rapidly from circulation, which motivated stabilized analogs and gene-therapy delivery approaches.

Targets

T-cell differentiation pathways, Thymic epithelial signaling, Neuroendocrine/pituitary axis, Cytokine regulation

Activates GLP-1 and GIP receptors to improve glycemic control and reduce appetite + body weight.

Class

Dual agonist (GLP-1 / GIP)

Dose ref

2.5–15 mg once weekly

Half-life

~5 days

Targets

GLP-1R, GIPR

Triptorelin is a potent GnRH-receptor agonist that first transiently stimulates LH and FSH release, then, with continuous exposure, downregulates and desensitizes pituitary GnRH receptors to suppress gonadotropins and sex steroids.

Class

GnRH agonist (synthetic decapeptide analog)

Dose ref

Label reference doses (not recommendations): Trelstar IM 3.75 mg every 4 weeks, 11.25 mg every 12 weeks, or 22.5 mg every 24 weeks; Triptodur IM 22.5 mg every 24 weeks for CPP.

Half-life

Terminal plasma half-life ~3 hours after IV dosing, but depot formulations release the peptide over 4 to 24 weeks.

Targets

Pituitary GnRH receptor (GnRHR)

Tuftsin, a tetrapeptide cleaved from the Fc region of IgG, binds the receptor neuropilin-1 and signals through the transforming growth factor beta pathway to stimulate phagocytosis and related innate immune cell functions.

Class

Immunomodulatory phagocytosis-stimulating tetrapeptide

Dose ref

No approved or established human dose; used at nanomolar concentrations in vitro and by injection in animal and small early-phase human research only (not a recommendation).

Half-life

Very short; the native tetrapeptide is rapidly degraded by aminopeptidases (minutes or less).

Targets

Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), TGF-beta receptor-1, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Microglia

Vasopressin activates V1a receptors on vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction and V2 receptors in the renal collecting duct to drive aquaporin-2-mediated water reabsorption, raising blood pressure and concentrating urine.

Class

Endogenous nonapeptide hormone; vasopressor / antidiuretic hormone

Dose ref

Label reference ranges (not recommendations): post-cardiotomy shock 0.03-0.1 units/min IV; septic shock 0.01-0.07 units/min IV continuous infusion

Half-life

Short; apparent half-life roughly 10 minutes or less per the Vasostrict label

Targets

V1a receptor, V2 receptor, V1b (V3) receptor

Vesugen (Lys-Glu-Asp) is proposed to enter the cell nucleus and bind DNA and histones in gene promoter regions, modulating expression of vascular, senescence and neurogenesis genes rather than acting as a classical receptor agonist.

Class

Short-peptide bioregulator (synthetic tripeptide)

Dose ref

No approved or established human dose; research-only. Figures cited for Russian supplement courses or reconstituted research vials are not dosing recommendations.

Half-life

No published human pharmacokinetic data; as an ultrashort tripeptide it is expected to clear from plasma within minutes.

Targets

Gene promoter regions / DNA, Histone proteins, Endothelin-1 expression, Connexins, Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)

Vilon is a synthetic Lys-Glu dipeptide proposed to enter cells, bind sequence-specific sites in gene-promoter DNA and remodel chromatin, thereby modulating expression of immune- and proliferation-related genes, an effect shown mainly in rodent and cell-culture models.

Class

Synthetic dipeptide bioregulator (research-only peptide immunomodulator/geroprotector)

Dose ref

No validated or approved human dose; Russian experimental/clinical work used short intramuscular injection courses and rodent studies used microgram-to-milligram parenteral doses (research only, not a recommendation)

Half-life

Not formally characterized in humans; as an ultra-short dipeptide, plasma half-life is expected to be very short (on the order of minutes)

Targets

Gene-promoter DNA / chromatin, Thymic epithelial cells and T-lymphocytes, Immune gene expression (e.g., IL-2)

VIP activates VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, raising intracellular cyclic AMP to drive vasodilation, smooth-muscle relaxation and immune modulation.

Class

Neuropeptide; VPAC1/VPAC2 receptor agonist

Dose ref

Route-dependent (investigational); e.g. inhaled aviptadil 50 mcg four times daily in studies

Half-life

~1 minute (plasma)

Targets

VPAC1, VPAC2

Ziconotide binds and blocks N-type voltage-gated calcium channels on primary nociceptive afferents in the spinal dorsal horn, preventing presynaptic calcium influx and the release of pain-signaling neurotransmitters.

Class

Non-opioid N-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker

Dose ref

Per the Prialt label (reference only, not a recommendation): initiate at no more than 2.4 mcg/day (0.1 mcg/hr) intrathecally, titrate up to 2.4 mcg/day at intervals no more than 2-3 times per week, to a recommended maximum of 19.2 mcg/day (0.8 mcg/hr) by about day 21.

Half-life

Serum half-life approximately 1.3 hours; cleared from CSF with a mean half-life of about 4.6 hours (per Prialt label).

Targets

N-type (Cav2.2) voltage-gated calcium channels, Dorsal horn primary nociceptive afferents (Rexed laminae I-II)