Abaloparatide is a PTHrP(1-34) analog that agonizes the PTH1 receptor with preference for its transient RG conformation, activating cAMP signaling to stimulate osteoblast-driven new bone formation.
Class
Anabolic osteoporosis agent (PTHrP analog)
Dose ref
FDA label reference dose: 80 mcg subcutaneously once daily (a labeled dose, not a recommendation)
A soluble ActRIIB-Fc decoy receptor that sequesters myostatin and activin before they reach activin type II receptors, releasing the natural brake on skeletal muscle growth.
Class
Soluble ActRIIB-Fc fusion protein (myostatin/activin ligand trap)
Dose ref
Investigational only; trials used 0.02-3 mg/kg subcutaneously
Adipotide is a chimeric peptidomimetic whose CKGGRAKDC homing motif binds prohibitin on white-fat blood-vessel endothelium, where its fused D(KLAKLAK)2 segment disrupts mitochondrial membranes to trigger endothelial apoptosis and regression of the fat tissue's blood supply.
Preclinical/Phase 1 reference only, NOT a recommendation: ~0.43 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for 28 days in obese monkeys; first-in-human Phase 1 started near 0.03 mg/kg/day SC. No approved human dose.
Half-life
Not well characterized in humans; dosed once daily by subcutaneous injection in animal and Phase 1 studies
Albiglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist made by fusing two DPP-4-resistant copies of modified human GLP-1 to recombinant human albumin, activating the GLP-1 receptor to boost glucose-dependent insulin secretion and suppress glucagon.
Class
GLP-1 receptor agonist (albumin-fusion)
Dose ref
Per the discontinued Tanzeum label: 30 mg once weekly subcutaneously, increasable to 50 mg once weekly (historical reference, not a recommendation)
Half-life
Approximately 5 days (reported terminal estimates ~5-8 days)
Amylin, co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta-cells, activates brainstem amylin receptors (calcitonin receptor paired with RAMPs) to promote satiation, slow gastric emptying, and suppress postprandial glucagon.
Class
Amylin receptor agonist (calcitonin peptide family hormone)
Dose ref
No established dose for native amylin; it is an endogenous hormone, not a marketed consumer drug. Reference range applies only to the approved analog pramlintide (Symlin), dosed 15-120 mcg subcutaneously before meals per the FDA label (informational, not a recommendation).
Half-life
Native human amylin: approximately 13 minutes (short, rapidly degraded by insulin-degrading enzyme and renal clearance)
Argireline's sequence mimics the N-terminal of SNAP-25 and is proposed to compete during SNARE-complex assembly, destabilizing the complex and reducing acetylcholine release to slightly blunt the muscle contractions that form expression lines.
Cosmetic formulations commonly use roughly 5-10% topically (original studies used a 10% oil-in-water emulsion); this reflects formulation levels and is explicitly not a dosing recommendation.
Half-life
No established human pharmacokinetic half-life; applied topically with negligible systemic absorption.
Atosiban competitively antagonizes the myometrial oxytocin receptor (with affinity also for vasopressin V1a receptors), reducing the intracellular calcium rise and prostaglandin production that drive uterine contractions.
Class
Oxytocin receptor antagonist (tocolytic)
Dose ref
Label reference (not a recommendation): 6.75 mg IV bolus over ~1 min, then 300 mcg/min infusion for 3 hours, then 100 mcg/min for up to 45 hours; max duration 48 hours
Half-life
Biexponential after IV infusion: initial ~0.2 hours, terminal ~1.7 hours
Bivalirudin is a bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor that reversibly binds both the catalytic active site and the anion-binding exosite of circulating and clot-bound thrombin to block fibrin formation.
Class
Direct thrombin inhibitor (parenteral anticoagulant; hirudin-derived peptide)
Dose ref
Per the Angiomax FDA label (not a recommendation): IV bolus 0.75 mg/kg followed by 1.75 mg/kg/h infusion for the duration of PCI, with a 0.3 mg/kg supplemental bolus if needed and infusion reduced in renal impairment/dialysis.
Half-life
About 25 minutes with normal renal function; roughly 34-57 minutes in renal impairment and about 3.5 hours in dialysis-dependent patients (Angiomax label).
Buserelin is a GnRH receptor superagonist that initially stimulates and then, with continuous non-pulsatile exposure, desensitizes pituitary gonadotrophs to suppress LH, FSH and downstream testosterone or estradiol production.
Class
GnRH agonist (LHRH analogue)
Dose ref
Label/trial reference figures, not recommendations: advanced prostate cancer 500 mcg SC every 8 hours for 7 days, then 200 mcg SC daily or 400 mcg intranasally three times daily; endometriosis 400 mcg intranasally three times daily for up to ~6 months.
Half-life
Short elimination half-life, reported around 72-80 minutes (about 1-2 hours) regardless of route.
Calcitonin activates the calcitonin receptor on osteoclasts to inhibit bone resorption and lower blood calcium, with additional actions on the kidney and gastrointestinal tract.
Reference label ranges (not recommendations): 100 USP Units/day SC or IM for postmenopausal osteoporosis and symptomatic Paget disease; 4 to 8 USP Units/kg every 6 to 12 hours for hypercalcemia; 200 USP Units/day intranasally for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Half-life
Approximately 1 hour (subcutaneous salmon calcitonin)
Carbetocin is a long-acting synthetic oxytocin analog that acts as an agonist at peripheral oxytocin receptors in the uterine myometrium, producing sustained contractions that reduce postpartum bleeding.
Class
Long-acting oxytocin analog (uterotonic)
Dose ref
Label/trial reference: single 100 microgram dose (IV over ~1 min after cesarean per Duratocin label; IM after vaginal birth in the CHAMPION trial) - not a recommendation
Half-life
Approximately 85-100 minutes (vs ~3.5 minutes for oxytocin)
Cetrorelix competitively blocks pituitary GnRH receptors, immediately and reversibly suppressing LH and FSH release to prevent a premature LH surge without the initial flare seen with GnRH agonists.
Class
GnRH antagonist (synthetic decapeptide)
Dose ref
Reference label regimens (not recommendations): 0.25 mg subcutaneously every 24 hours during the late follicular phase, or a single 3 mg subcutaneous dose providing at least 4 days of action.
Half-life
Median ~5 hours after a single 0.25 mg dose and ~62.8 hours after a single 3 mg dose (Cetrotide label)
Colivelin simultaneously activates an ADNF-mediated CaMKIV pathway and a Humanin-mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway to suppress neuronal death in cell and rodent models.
No established human dose; preclinical rodent studies used roughly 10 pmol to 1 nmol given intracerebroventricularly, plus intraperitoneal and intranasal experiments (research figures only, not recommendations).
Half-life
Not established in humans; expected to be short as an unmodified peptide.
Targets
Humanin receptor / JAK2-STAT3 pro-survival pathway, ADNF / Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) pathway
Cortexin is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide fraction from animal cerebral cortex proposed to act as a multi-target neuroprotectant by modulating glutamate (AMPA, kainate, mGluR) and GABA-A receptors, inhibiting brain caspase-8, and influencing neurotrophic and antioxidant pathways.
Reference only (not a recommendation): Russian clinical use describes intramuscular injection of the reconstituted lyophilizate as a short daily course (commonly ~10 days) with separate adult and pediatric strengths; preclinical models used ~0.5 mg/kg IM.
Half-life
Not established; as a multi-component peptide hydrolysate it has no well-characterized human elimination half-life
Davunetide binds microtubule end-binding proteins to promote microtubule stability and the tau-microtubule interaction, reducing tau hyperphosphorylation in preclinical models.
Investigational; no approved dose. Trial regimens (not recommendations) used intranasal NAP roughly 5-15 mg in MCI studies and 30 mg twice daily in the phase 2/3 PSP trial.
Half-life
Short; preclinical estimates of roughly 15 minutes in brain after intranasal dosing. Human pharmacokinetics were not characterized in the pivotal PSP trial.
Targets
Microtubules, Tubulin, Microtubule end-binding proteins EB1/EB3, Tau protein
Degarelix competitively and reversibly blocks pituitary GnRH receptors, immediately reducing LH and FSH release and thereby suppressing testosterone without the initial flare seen with GnRH agonists.
Class
GnRH receptor antagonist (synthetic decapeptide)
Dose ref
Label reference (not a recommendation): 240 mg subcutaneous starting dose (two 120 mg injections), then 80 mg subcutaneous maintenance every 28 days
Half-life
~43 days terminal half-life after the 240 mg starting depot; ~28-29 days for the 80 mg maintenance dose (depot-driven)
Desmopressin selectively stimulates renal V2 vasopressin receptors to increase water reabsorption (antidiuresis) while also triggering release of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor from vascular endothelium.
Class
Synthetic vasopressin (V2 receptor) analog; antidiuretic and hemostatic peptide
Dose ref
Reference ranges from labels (not recommendations): central diabetes insipidus intranasal 10-40 mcg/day or oral 0.1-1.2 mg/day divided; primary nocturnal enuresis oral 0.2-0.6 mg at bedtime; nocturia (sublingual) 27.7 mcg women / 55.3 mcg men at bedtime; bleeding disorders IV 0.3 mcg/kg over 15-30 minutes.
Half-life
Roughly 1.5-3.5 hours depending on route (terminal half-life about 2.8 hours after IV dosing; ~3.3-3.5 hours intranasal)
Dulaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying and reduces appetite.
Class
GLP-1 receptor agonist (Fc-fusion peptide)
Dose ref
FDA label (not a recommendation): 0.75 mg, 1.5 mg, 3 mg or 4.5 mg subcutaneously once weekly
An exendin-4-based GLP-1 receptor agonist conjugated to an antibody Fc fragment that slows clearance and activates the GLP-1 receptor to boost glucose-dependent insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying and reduce appetite.
Class
GLP-1 receptor agonist (exendin-4-based)
Dose ref
Studied in trials at 4 mg or 6 mg once weekly subcutaneously (also 2 mg in dose-ranging); reference ranges from research only, not a recommendation or approved dose.
Half-life
Approximately 5.6 to 7.5 days (single-ascending-dose pharmacokinetic studies)
Enfuvirtide binds the HR1 region of the HIV-1 gp41 envelope subunit and blocks the six-helix bundle conformational change required for fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.
Class
HIV-1 gp41 fusion inhibitor (antiretroviral)
Dose ref
Per FDA label (reference only, not a recommendation): adults 90 mg subcutaneously twice daily; pediatric patients 2 mg/kg twice daily up to a 90 mg maximum.
Half-life
Approximately 3.8 hours (mean 3.8 ± 0.6 h after a single 90 mg subcutaneous dose, per FDA label)
Eptifibatide reversibly blocks the platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor, preventing fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor from cross-linking platelets and thereby inhibiting the final common pathway of platelet aggregation.
Reference (label/trials, not a recommendation): ACS 180 mcg/kg IV bolus then 2 mcg/kg/min infusion up to 72-96h; PCI 180 mcg/kg bolus, 2 mcg/kg/min infusion, plus a second 180 mcg/kg bolus 10 min later; reduced infusion in renal impairment.
Half-life
Approximately 2.5 hours (plasma elimination); platelet function recovers about 4-8 hours after stopping the infusion.
Exenatide activates the GLP-1 receptor to increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppress inappropriate glucagon release, and slow gastric emptying.
Class
GLP-1 receptor agonist (incretin mimetic)
Dose ref
Reference label doses (not recommendations): Byetta 5-10 mcg subcutaneously twice daily before meals; Bydureon BCise 2 mg subcutaneously once weekly
Half-life
Approximately 2.4 hours for immediate-release Byetta; extended-release (Bydureon BCise) microspheres release over weeks and exenatide can persist about 10 weeks after the last dose
Ganirelix competitively blocks GnRH receptors on pituitary gonadotrophs, producing rapid, reversible suppression of LH and FSH secretion without an initial stimulatory flare.
Class
GnRH antagonist (synthetic decapeptide)
Dose ref
Label dose of 0.25 mg subcutaneously once daily during the mid-to-late follicular phase until ovulation is triggered (a label figure, not a recommendation)
Half-life
About 12.8 hours after a single 0.25 mg dose; roughly 16.2 hours at steady state with daily dosing (label)
GHRP-2 is a synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin mimetic that activates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) at the hypothalamus and pituitary, amplifying GHRH and reducing somatostatin tone to drive a transient growth hormone pulse.
Diagnostic use only (not a therapeutic recommendation): single 100 microgram IV bolus in adults, or ~2 micrograms/kg IV in children, for GH-deficiency provocative testing
Half-life
Short; GH response peaks ~15-60 min after IV dosing and clears within a few hours (precise human half-life not consistently reported)
Glucagon binds the hepatic glucagon receptor (GCGR), raising cyclic AMP to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, which increases blood glucose as the body's main counter-regulatory hormone opposing insulin.
Reference (label, not a recommendation): 1 mg SC/IM/IV injectable for severe hypoglycemia in adults; Gvoke 0.5 mg pediatric / 1 mg adult SC; Baqsimi 3 mg single intranasal dose; 0.25-2 mg IV/IM as a GI diagnostic aid
Half-life
Short; roughly 8-18 minutes for native glucagon (pharmacokinetic studies)
Goserelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist that first stimulates and then, with continuous depot exposure, downregulates pituitary GnRH receptors to suppress LH, FSH and downstream sex steroids toward castrate or postmenopausal levels.
Class
GnRH (LHRH) agonist decapeptide
Dose ref
Label reference (not a recommendation): 3.6 mg subcutaneous depot every 28 days, or 10.8 mg subcutaneous depot every 12 weeks for prostate cancer.
Half-life
Serum elimination half-life of the drug is about 4 hours with normal renal function (up to ~12 hours with severe renal impairment); the depot provides sustained release over 4 to 12 weeks
A synthetic C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone claimed to stimulate adipocyte lipolysis without binding the GH receptor or raising IGF-1, though human fat-loss evidence is weak.
Histrelin is a GnRH receptor agonist that initially stimulates and then, through continuous implant delivery, downregulates pituitary GnRH receptors to suppress LH, FSH and sex steroid production.
Reference (not a recommendation): one 50 mg subcutaneous implant per 12 months, delivering roughly 50-65 mcg histrelin per day per FDA labels.
Half-life
Continuous release for ~12 months from the implant; terminal half-life of the peptide is ~3.9 hours (clearance ~179 mL/min) after the implant is removed.
Humanin is a 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide that limits stress-induced apoptosis by binding pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX, Bid/Bim) and IGFBP-3 intracellularly and by signaling extracellularly through FPR2/FPRL1 and the CNTFR/WSX-1/gp130 complex to activate JAK2/STAT3, ERK1/2 and AKT survival pathways.
Research-only; no validated or approved human dose. Preclinical studies typically use the potent analog HNG (S14G-humanin) in animal models (e.g., microgram-to-milligram-per-kg, intermittent injection) - these are experimental figures, not human dosing recommendations.
Half-life
Not formally characterized in humans; native humanin is reported to clear rapidly, and engineered analogs such as HNG were developed for greater stability and potency.
Removal of the N-terminal tripeptide sharply lowers IGF-binding-protein affinity while preserving IGF-1 receptor binding, leaving more free peptide to activate IGF-1R.
A modified IGF-1 that binds IGF binding proteins far more weakly than native IGF-1, leaving it free to act as a potent, long-acting agonist at the IGF-1 receptor.
Class
IGF-1 analog / IGF-1 receptor agonist (research reagent)
Lanreotide binds with high affinity to somatostatin receptors 2 and 5, mimicking native somatostatin to suppress growth hormone, IGF-1 and various neuroendocrine and gut hormones.
Class
Long-acting somatostatin analog (cyclic octapeptide)
Dose ref
Per FDA label (not a recommendation): acromegaly 60-120 mg deep subcutaneously every 4 weeks (typically starting at 90 mg); GEP-NET and carcinoid syndrome 120 mg every 4 weeks.
Half-life
Depot-dominated: apparent terminal elimination of about 23-30 days due to slow release from the subcutaneous gel depot
Lixisenatide is an exendin-4-derived GLP-1 receptor agonist that slows gastric emptying and lowers postprandial glucose while stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release and suppressing glucagon.
Reference (Adlyxin label, not a recommendation): 10 mcg once daily subcutaneously for 14 days, then 20 mcg once daily maintenance, injected within one hour before the first meal.
Half-life
Approximately 3 hours (reported range ~2.7-4.3 hours)
A palmitoylated matrikine derived from the type I procollagen C-terminal propeptide that signals dermal fibroblasts to increase extracellular matrix synthesis, including type I and III collagen and fibronectin.
Class
Cosmetic matrikine peptide (collagen-stimulating)
Dose ref
No medical dose; pivotal cosmetic trials used pal-KTTKS at ~3 ppm (about 0.0003%) topically twice daily - a study condition, not a recommendation.
Half-life
Not characterized; a topical cosmetic ingredient with no established systemic pharmacokinetic half-life.
Targets
Dermal fibroblasts, Type I collagen, Type III collagen, Fibronectin, Extracellular matrix
Melittin inserts into lipid bilayers and folds into an amphipathic alpha-helix that forms transmembrane toroidal pores, disrupting the membrane and lysing cells without binding a specific receptor.
Class
Cytolytic antimicrobial (membrane-active) peptide
Dose ref
No validated human dose; in vitro antibacterial MIC values reported around 8-32 ug/mL (laboratory measurements, explicitly not dosing recommendations)
Half-life
Not established in humans; reviews report rapid plasma degradation and poor pharmacokinetics
Targets
Phospholipid bilayer membranes, Microbial cell membranes, Cancer cell membranes
MGF is the IGF-1Ec splice variant whose distinct C-terminal E-domain peptide, induced by mechanical loading or damage, is proposed to activate satellite cells ahead of mature IGF-1 signaling.
Class
IGF-1 splice variant / E-domain peptide
Dose ref
No established or approved human dose; research-only
N-Acetyl Selank is a chemically stabilized (N-acetylated, C-amidated) analog of the tuftsin-derived peptide Selank, proposed to act via GABAergic modulation, inhibition of enkephalin-degrading enzymes that raises endogenous enkephalins, and BDNF-related effects, though these mechanisms were demonstrated for the parent Selank rather than the analog.
Class
Synthetic tuftsin-derived heptapeptide analog (anxiolytic neuropeptide)
Dose ref
No established human dose; research-only. Parent Selank was used intranasally in rodent studies at roughly 250-500 micrograms/kg, and Russian Selank nasal-drop clinical use is product-specific - neither is a validated guide for the acetylated analog and neither is a recommendation.
Half-life
Not validated for the analog. Parent Selank has a very short plasma half-life (on the order of minutes); N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation are intended to slow enzymatic degradation, but no peer-reviewed human pharmacokinetic data exist for N-Acetyl Selank.
Targets
GABAergic system, Enkephalin-degrading enzymes (enkephalinase), BDNF expression, Serotonergic/monoaminergic systems
It is a chemically stabilized analog of the ACTH(4-7)-derived peptide Semax that, in preclinical models, binds specifically in brain tissue and raises BDNF and other neurotrophins while modulating ischemia-related inflammatory and neurotransmitter gene expression.
No established human dose for the N-acetylated/amidated analog; parent Semax was used intranasally at roughly 6,000-18,000 mcg/day in Russian stroke trials (research figures from trials, not recommendations)
Half-life
Not established for the analog; parent Semax plasma half-life is only minutes due to rapid aminopeptidase degradation, and vendor-claimed multi-hour half-lives lack peer-reviewed human PK data
Targets
BDNF/TrkB neurotrophin signaling, NGF/TrkA and NT-3/TrkC pathways, melanocortin (ACTH/MSH) system, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission
Nafarelin is a potent GnRH receptor agonist that initially stimulates pituitary LH and FSH release but with continued dosing downregulates the receptor, suppressing gonadotropins and sex steroid production.
Per the FDA label (reference only, not a recommendation): endometriosis 400 mcg/day (one 200 mcg spray per nostril twice daily), increasable to 800 mcg/day; central precocious puberty 1600 mcg/day, increasable to 1800 mcg/day.
Half-life
Approximately 3 hours in adults (about 2.5 hours in children) after intranasal administration
Nesiritide binds the particulate guanylate cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, raising intracellular cGMP to produce vasodilation and reduced cardiac filling pressures.
Class
Recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (vasodilator)
Dose ref
Label reference only (discontinued; NOT a recommendation): 2 mcg/kg IV bolus followed by a 0.01 mcg/kg/min continuous infusion
Half-life
~18 minutes (terminal elimination; hemodynamic effects can persist several hours)
P21 is a CNTF-derived peptide that increases BDNF expression, competitively inhibits leukemia inhibitory factor signaling, raises phosphorylated CREB and lowers GSK-3 beta activity to promote dentate gyrus neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in animal models.
Class
CNTF-derived neurotrophic peptide mimetic
Dose ref
No established human dose; preclinical rodent studies used roughly 60 nmol/g of feed orally (about 162 nmol/mouse/day) - not a human recommendation.
Half-life
Not established in humans; preclinical reports describe plasma stability exceeding 3 hours and high gastric/intestinal stability.
Pasireotide is a multi-receptor somatostatin analog that binds somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2, 3 and 5 with high affinity for subtype 5, suppressing ACTH secretion in Cushing's disease and growth hormone and IGF-1 in acromegaly.
Class
Multi-receptor somatostatin analog (somatostatin receptor agonist)
Dose ref
Reference ranges (per labels, not recommendations): Signifor SC 0.3-0.9 mg twice daily for Cushing's disease; Signifor LAR 40 mg up to 60 mg intramuscular every 4 weeks for acromegaly
Half-life
Approximately 12-hour effective half-life for subcutaneous Signifor; Signifor LAR is a long-acting intramuscular depot
Pinealon is proposed to penetrate cells and the blood-brain barrier and bind directly to DNA promoter regions and histone proteins, shifting expression of antioxidant and neuroprotective genes rather than acting through a classical membrane receptor.
Class
Synthetic short-peptide bioregulator (tripeptide)
Dose ref
No FDA-approved or validated human dose; research-only. Russian oral cytogen capsules and published study protocols describe past use, not dosing recommendations.
Half-life
Not formally characterized in humans; as an ultrashort peptide it is expected to clear from plasma rapidly (minutes).
Targets
DNA promoter regions / chromatin, Histone proteins, SOD2 (antioxidant gene), GPX1 (antioxidant gene), Neuronal apoptosis (caspase-3) pathways
Plecanatide is a uroguanylin analog that activates guanylate cyclase-C on the luminal surface of the intestine, raising cyclic GMP and driving chloride and bicarbonate secretion through CFTR to increase intestinal fluid and transit.
Class
Guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist
Dose ref
Reference (label, not a recommendation): one 3 mg tablet orally once daily; phase 3 trials studied 3 mg and 6 mg
Half-life
Not calculable; minimally absorbed with negligible systemic availability, plasma levels below limit of quantitation
Secretin binds the secretin receptor on pancreatic duct cells, raising cAMP and opening CFTR channels to drive secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid that is measured during diagnostic testing.
FDA label reference doses (diagnostic, not recommendations): 0.2 mcg/kg IV over 1 minute for pancreatic exocrine function testing or ERCP; 0.4 mcg/kg IV over 1 minute for gastrinoma testing.
Half-life
About 45 minutes per the ChiRhoStim label (synthetic human secretin); native secretin plasma half-life measured at roughly 4 minutes by radioimmunoassay.
Sincalide is the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin that activates CCK receptors to stimulate gallbladder contraction, sphincter of Oddi relaxation and pancreatic secretion.
Class
Cholecystopancreatic-gastrointestinal hormone analog (diagnostic agent)
Dose ref
Reference diagnostic doses (not a recommendation): 0.02 mcg/kg IV over 30-60 seconds, or a 0.12 mcg/kg infusion over ~50-60 minutes; per the Kinevac label.
Half-life
Very short; serum half-life roughly 2.5 minutes per the label (volunteer studies near 1.3 minutes)
SNAP-8 mimics the N-terminal of SNAP-25 and competes for its place in the SNARE complex, reducing the efficiency of neurotransmitter vesicle fusion and thereby modestly and reversibly lowering the muscle contraction that drives expression lines.
Once-daily injection produces intermittent activation of the PTH1 receptor on osteoblasts, preferentially stimulating bone formation over resorption to increase bone mass.
Terlipressin is a vasopressin V1 receptor agonist and prodrug for lysine-vasopressin that causes splanchnic vasoconstriction, lowering portal pressure and raising effective arterial volume and mean arterial pressure to improve renal perfusion.
Class
Synthetic vasopressin analog (V1 receptor agonist), prodrug of lysine-vasopressin
Dose ref
Reference label range (not a recommendation): Terlivaz 0.85 mg IV bolus every 6 hours (equal to 1 mg terlipressin acetate) for days 1-3, adjustable up to 1.7 mg every 6 hours, maximum 14 days
Half-life
Terlipressin terminal half-life about 0.9 hours; active metabolite lysine-vasopressin about 3.0 hours
Thymalin is a calf-thymus polypeptide complex proposed to act as an immunomodulator that promotes T-lymphocyte differentiation and maturation and normalizes cytokine and immune-cell balance, though its precise molecular receptor or target remains undefined.
Reference only, not a recommendation: Russian trials/labeling describe roughly 5-20 mg intramuscularly daily for short 5-10 day courses; the 2021 COVID-19 trial used 10 mg IM daily for 10 days.
Half-life
Not well characterized; short peptide complex with a presumed short plasma half-life (dosing relies on repeated daily courses).
Targets
T-lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, thymic and immune homeostasis, cytokine regulation (IL-2, interferon), hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
Thymogen is a synthetic L-glutamyl-L-tryptophan dipeptide that acts as a thymic-peptide immunomodulator, promoting T-lymphocyte differentiation and peptide-MHC recognition, shifting IL-2 and interferon cytokine output, and enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis.
Russian product leaflet only (not a recommendation, not FDA-reviewed): ~100 mcg intramuscular once daily, roughly 300-1000 mcg per treatment course; intranasal spray ~25 mcg per metered dose. No validated dosing exists outside Russia.
Half-life
Not well characterized; as a small dipeptide it is expected to be rapidly hydrolyzed by serum and tissue peptidases (order of minutes). No reliable published human PK.
Thymosin beta-4 sequesters monomeric G-actin to regulate the actin cytoskeleton, enabling cell migration, angiogenesis and tissue repair, with an anti-fibrotic Ac-SDKP fragment.
Thymulin is a thymic nonapeptide that becomes biologically active only when bound to zinc, after which it promotes T-cell differentiation, modulates cytokines, and participates in two-way neuroendocrine signaling.
No established human dose; reference figures derive only from animal and gene-therapy models, not approved human labels (research-only, NOT a recommendation).
Half-life
Not established in humans; the native peptide is cleared rapidly from circulation, which motivated stabilized analogs and gene-therapy delivery approaches.
Triptorelin is a potent GnRH-receptor agonist that first transiently stimulates LH and FSH release, then, with continuous exposure, downregulates and desensitizes pituitary GnRH receptors to suppress gonadotropins and sex steroids.
Class
GnRH agonist (synthetic decapeptide analog)
Dose ref
Label reference doses (not recommendations): Trelstar IM 3.75 mg every 4 weeks, 11.25 mg every 12 weeks, or 22.5 mg every 24 weeks; Triptodur IM 22.5 mg every 24 weeks for CPP.
Half-life
Terminal plasma half-life ~3 hours after IV dosing, but depot formulations release the peptide over 4 to 24 weeks.
Tuftsin, a tetrapeptide cleaved from the Fc region of IgG, binds the receptor neuropilin-1 and signals through the transforming growth factor beta pathway to stimulate phagocytosis and related innate immune cell functions.
No approved or established human dose; used at nanomolar concentrations in vitro and by injection in animal and small early-phase human research only (not a recommendation).
Half-life
Very short; the native tetrapeptide is rapidly degraded by aminopeptidases (minutes or less).
Vasopressin activates V1a receptors on vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction and V2 receptors in the renal collecting duct to drive aquaporin-2-mediated water reabsorption, raising blood pressure and concentrating urine.
Vesugen (Lys-Glu-Asp) is proposed to enter the cell nucleus and bind DNA and histones in gene promoter regions, modulating expression of vascular, senescence and neurogenesis genes rather than acting as a classical receptor agonist.
Class
Short-peptide bioregulator (synthetic tripeptide)
Dose ref
No approved or established human dose; research-only. Figures cited for Russian supplement courses or reconstituted research vials are not dosing recommendations.
Half-life
No published human pharmacokinetic data; as an ultrashort tripeptide it is expected to clear from plasma within minutes.
Vilon is a synthetic Lys-Glu dipeptide proposed to enter cells, bind sequence-specific sites in gene-promoter DNA and remodel chromatin, thereby modulating expression of immune- and proliferation-related genes, an effect shown mainly in rodent and cell-culture models.
No validated or approved human dose; Russian experimental/clinical work used short intramuscular injection courses and rodent studies used microgram-to-milligram parenteral doses (research only, not a recommendation)
Half-life
Not formally characterized in humans; as an ultra-short dipeptide, plasma half-life is expected to be very short (on the order of minutes)
Targets
Gene-promoter DNA / chromatin, Thymic epithelial cells and T-lymphocytes, Immune gene expression (e.g., IL-2)
Ziconotide binds and blocks N-type voltage-gated calcium channels on primary nociceptive afferents in the spinal dorsal horn, preventing presynaptic calcium influx and the release of pain-signaling neurotransmitters.
Per the Prialt label (reference only, not a recommendation): initiate at no more than 2.4 mcg/day (0.1 mcg/hr) intrathecally, titrate up to 2.4 mcg/day at intervals no more than 2-3 times per week, to a recommended maximum of 19.2 mcg/day (0.8 mcg/hr) by about day 21.
Half-life
Serum half-life approximately 1.3 hours; cleared from CSF with a mean half-life of about 4.6 hours (per Prialt label).
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